There - their - they're

Learners of English often confuse 'there' 'their' and 'they're'. 
These words have the same sound but not the same meaning.
The explanation and examples below show the differences between them.

THERE

• There is the opposite of 'here'. It means in that place, not here.
  • Where is my pen? It's there on the table.
  • I'm taking the train to London. I'll call you when I get there.
  • You can park there beside my car.

• There is, there are, are used to indicate that something exists.
  • There is a cat in the garden.
  • There are many cars on the road.

THEIR

• Their is a possessive adjective just like 'my' 'your' 'his/her/its' 'our'.
  It is used before a noun and means that something belongs to 'them'.
  • Their car is red. My car is blue.
  • They invited all their friends to their wedding.
  • My parents are very pleased with their new house.

THEY'RE

• They're is a contraction of they are.
  'They' is the subject of a sentence with the verb 'to be'.
  They're beautiful = They are beautiful.
  • Where are the children? They're at school.
  • The children are attentive. They're listening to the teacher.
  • People are voting today. They're electing a new president.

THE

The definite article 'the' designates a specific person, place or event as shown below:

Specific things	The book I bought is interesting. Pass me the sugar please.
Hotels, monuments, buildings, museums, cinemas, theatres.	The Ritz, The Tower of London, The Empire State building, The Louvre, The Odeon Cinema, The Royal Theatre
Mountain ranges, rivers, seas, oceans.	The Alps, The Mississippi, The Black Sea, The Pacific Ocean.
Groups of states or islands	The United States of America, The Bahamas.
No article is used in the following cases :
Generalisations	Sugar is sweet. Caviar is expensive.
Streets, squares, etc.	Oxford Street, Time Square
Names of mountains and lakes	Mount Everest, Lake Ontario
Countries (except groups as above)	England, France, Japan, India, etc.
Continents	Europe, Africa, Asia, America, Australia,

A LOT OF - MUCH - MANY

A lot of - much - many :

• A lot of :
  
  
  • A lot of can be used in all sentences: affirmative, negative and interrogative.

• Much - many : 
  
  
  • Much is used with uncountable nouns (for example: 'much English')
  • Many is used with countable nouns (for example : 'many words').
  • Much and many are used in negative and interrogative sentences.
    They are rarely used in affirmative sentences, except:
    
    
    • If they begin a sentence:
      - Many people believe all they hear.
      - Much of what was said was confusing.
    • If they are preceded by ‘so’, ‘as’ and ‘too’ 
          and in some expressions with ‘very’:
      - There was much noise.
      - There was so much noise that I couldn’t hear very well.
      - We ate many cherries.
      - You can eat as many cherries as you like.
      - They gave us much information.
      - They gave us too much information.
      - I enjoyed the film very much. 
    • In formal or written English.
      In affirmative sentences much and many are more often used in formal or
      written English whereas a lot of/ lots of are more common in conversational English.
      For example, much and many are generally used in newspaper reports and headlines.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
We learn a lot of English.	I don't know a lot of English.	Do you learn a lot of English?
I make a lot of mistakes.	I don't know much English.	Do you know much English?
BUT :
Much of our food is exported.	I don't know a lot of words.	Do you make a lot of mistakes?
Many people drive too fast.	I don't know many words.	Do you make many mistakes?

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Compare a lot of and a lot :

• Tom knows a lot of vocabulary.
• Charlie is talkative. He talks a lot.

SOME - ANY - A LITTLE - A FEW - MUCH - MANY

Some, any, a little, a few are used to express quantity, to say or ask if you have 

a quantity of something or not.

• Some is used in affirmative sentences, and also when asking for or offering something.
• Any is used in negative and interrogative sentences.
• A few is used with countable nouns :          a few apples.
• A little is used with uncountable nouns :     a little cheese.

Here are some examples :

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
There are some apples in the bowl.	There aren't any apples.	Are there any apples?
(We don't know how many, but the bowl is not empty.)	(The bowl is empty.)	(We want to know if the bowl contains apples.)
There are a few apples, not many, a small number.	There aren't many apples.	Are there many apples?
There is a little cheese.	There isn't much cheese.	Is there much cheese?
N.B.:  Asking and offering :  Can I have / would you like some coffee?

SO - SUCH

SO and SUCH often have the same meaning : 'very' or 'to this degree'.

So is used before an adjective or an adverb (without a noun after it):

• so big
• so carefully

Such is followed by 'a' or 'an', + an adjective + a singular noun : 

• such a long time
• such an incredible story

Such is used without a, an before plural nouns, mass nouns (luggage, furniture)
and abstract nouns (advice, courage, generosity, kindness ... )

• such fools
• such (beautiful) furniture
• such generosity

Compare the following sentences:

• This book is so interesting.
• This is such an interesting book.
• Such interesting books are hard to find.
• I was amazed that the crowd was so big.
• I was amazed that there was such a big crowd.
• Such big crowds can be frightening.
• The story was so complicated.
• It was such a complicated story.
• Such complicated stories are difficult to follow.
• You are so intelligent.
• You are such an intelligent person.
• A person of such intelligence is a pleasure to meet.

So ... that and such ... that are used to describe reasons and results.

So + adjective + that :
◊ The hotel was so comfortable that we decided to stay another night. 

Such + adjective + noun + that :
◊ It's such a comfortable hotel that we'll definitely stay there again.